Immunological characterization of monoclonal antibodies used in rapid influenza diagnostic test for detection of the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection.

Since 2009 pandemic, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDT) have been developed for specific diagnosis of pandemic virus infection. Most mAbs poorly marked because of the urgency during a pandemic. Further characterization of mAbs to RIDTs would be beneficial to understand the immunological properties of the pandemic virus and take advantage of mAbs for other research purposes.

In this study, it was confirmed that the two mAbs (I38 and D383) in RIDT diagnostics capable of detecting viruses H1N1pdm09 H1N1pdm09 through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence test (IFA). Also, two mAbs exhibited reactivity hemagglutinins (HA) from both H1N1pdm09 and the 1918 H1N1 virus; therefore, RIDT using mAbs can detect HA of H1N1pdm09 and also the 1918 H1N1 like strains.

In an extension of our previous study, the epitope (Sa sites antigenic and interface areas of F ‘and subdomain esterase vestigial on the domain HA1 of the HA of H1N1pdm09) recognized by mAbs amplified in depth by IFA with escape-mutant mAbs and mapping epitopes the crystal structure of the human H1N1 virus HA. Collectively, these results suggest that the mAbs to RIDT may be suitable for use in studying the properties of immunology of viral H1N1pdm09 and that Sa sites antigenic and interfacial area between F ‘and esterase vestigial subdomains on influenza virus HA recognized by mAbs that immunologically conserved regions between H1N1pdm09 and 1918 H1N1.


Determination of serum autoantibodies against antigens of complex liver using enzyme immunoassay and immunoblot allows for increased frequency identification overlap syndrome during autoimmune liver disorders and early diagnostics, which has clinics, diagnostic and prognostic great importance. The level of autoantibodies overlap combining with biochemical indices and with disease activity and the intensity of the autoimmune process during overlap syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis / autoimmune hepatitis (PBC / AIH).

Immunological characterization of monoclonal antibodies used in rapid influenza diagnostic test for detection of the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection.
Immunological characterization of monoclonal antibodies used in rapid influenza diagnostic test for detection of the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection.

when immunological and molecular tools for leptospirosis: diagnostics, vaccine design, and biomarkers to predict the severity.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease spirochaetal endemic in many tropical countries. Basic research on leptospirosis is not as strong as other tropical infections such as malaria. However, it is a deadly infection that can affect many vital organs in severe forms, causing multi-organ dysfunction syndrome and death. There are many gaps in knowledge about the pathophysiology of leptospirosis and host immune role in causing symptoms. This blocking an important step in combating the disease, such as developing potential vaccines.

Another major problem with leptospirosis is the lack of easy to carry, accurate diagnostic tests. Many doctors in resource-limited settings resorts for clinical assessment in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. This is unfortunate, because many other diseases such as dengue fever, hantavirus, rickettsial infection, and even severe bacterial sepsis, leptospirosis can emulate. Another interesting issue is the prediction of disease severity at the beginning of the disease.

Sheep Cholesterol ELISA ELISA
E01A98335 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Monkey Cholesterol ELISA ELISA
E01A72187 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Canine Cholesterol ELISA ELISA
E01A63475 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Rabbit Cholesterol ELISA ELISA
E01A28609 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Bovine Cholesterol ELISA ELISA
E01A80905 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Porcine Cholesterol ELISA ELISA
E01A54758 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Chicken Cholesterol ELISA ELISA
E01A89629 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Guinea Pig Cholesterol ELISA ELISA
E01A37323 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Human LAG-3 ELISA ELISA Kit
E16HE0310 96T
EUR 833.33

Plant starch, Amy ELISA ELISA Kit
SL0090PI - Ask for price

Rat beta amyloid elisa ELISA Kit
SL1392Ra - Ask for price

Human ELISA for Daidzein ELISA kit
E01A4199 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Human Galectin-1 ELISA ELISA Kit
E16HE0311 96T
EUR 1000

Plant ketoolase, TK ELISA ELISA Kit
SL0105PI - Ask for price

Human ELISA for Genistein ELISA kit
E01A4925 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Plant Spermine (bound) ELISA ELISA Kit
SL0103PI - Ask for price

Glycolate oxidase (GO) ELISA ELISA Kit
SL0107PI - Ask for price

Rat Asprosin (Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125205-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 5220

Rat Asprosin (Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125205-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 355

Rat Asprosin (Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125205-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 535

Rat Asprosin (Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125205-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 2860

Rat Asprosin (Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125205-96StripWells 96-Strip-Wells
EUR 705

Rat Asprosin (Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709604-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 3060

Rat Asprosin (Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709604-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 250

Rat Asprosin (Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709604-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 325

Rat Asprosin (Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709604-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 1595

Rat Asprosin (Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709604-96StripWells 96-Strip-Wells
EUR 410

Beta2-Microglobulin ELISA kit ELISA Kit
LF-EK60047 1×96T
EUR 814.8

Chicken thrombomodulin,TM ELISA KIT ELISA
QY-E80092 96T
EUR 511.2

Soybean globulin (Glycinin) ELISA ELISA Kit
SL0108PI - Ask for price

Human IL-17E ELISA Kit ELISA kit
E22-HC180.48 48T
EUR 295

Human IL-17E ELISA Kit ELISA kit
E22-HC180.96 96T
EUR 395

Human IL-17E ELISA Kit ELISA Kit
MBS8579244-48Tests 48Tests
EUR 390

Human IL-17E ELISA Kit ELISA Kit
MBS8579244-5x96Tests 5x96Tests
EUR 2275

Human IL-17E ELISA Kit ELISA Kit
MBS8579244-96Tests 96Tests
EUR 495

Rat Connexin 40 ELISA kit ELISA kit
E01A11038 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Human PDGF-BB ELISA kit ELISA kit
E22-HC181.48 48T
EUR 295

Human PDGF-BB ELISA kit ELISA kit
E22-HC181.96 96T
EUR 395

Human PDGF-BB ELISA Kit ELISA Kit
MBS8579245-48Tests 48Tests
EUR 390

Human PDGF-BB ELISA Kit ELISA Kit
MBS8579245-5x96Tests 5x96Tests
EUR 2275

Human PDGF-BB ELISA Kit ELISA Kit
MBS8579245-96Tests 96Tests
EUR 495

Goat Connexin 40 ELISA kit ELISA kit
E01A45950 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

REN ELISA Kit| Rabbit Renin ELISA Kit
EF016863 96tests
EUR 566

LEP ELISA Kit| Sheep Leptin ELISA Kit
EF019537 96tests
EUR 566

OT ELISA Kit| Goat Oxytocin ELISA Kit
EF012587 96tests
EUR 566

INS ELISA Kit| Goat Insulin ELISA Kit
EF012590 96tests
EUR 566

ALB ELISA Kit| Goat Albumin ELISA Kit
EF012595 96tests
EUR 566

Mouse Connexin 40 ELISA kit ELISA kit
E01A19779 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Human Connexin 40 ELISA kit ELISA kit
E01A2276 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Sheep Connexin 40 ELISA kit ELISA kit
E01A98244 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

LEP ELISA Kit| Rabbit Leptin ELISA Kit
EF016831 96tests
EUR 566

HCRT ELISA Kit| Sheep Orexin ELISA Kit
EF019531 96tests
EUR 566

INS ELISA Kit| Sheep Insulin ELISA Kit
EF019543 96tests
EUR 566

Es ELISA Kit| Sheep Estrogen ELISA Kit
EF019546 96tests
EUR 566

MT ELISA Kit| Goat Melatonin ELISA Kit
EF012586 96tests
EUR 566

LEP ELISA Kit| Monkey Leptin ELISA Kit
EF012720 96tests
EUR 566

Human Connexin 40 ELISA Kit ELISA Kit
MBS722830-48StripWellsCompetitive 48-Strip-Wells-(Competitive)
EUR 485

Human Connexin 40 ELISA Kit ELISA Kit
MBS722830-48StripWellsSandwich 48-Strip-Wells-(Sandwich)
EUR 485

Human Connexin 40 ELISA Kit ELISA Kit
MBS722830-5x96StripWellsCompetitive 5x96-Strip-Wells-(Competitive)
EUR 3020

Human Connexin 40 ELISA Kit ELISA Kit
MBS722830-96StripWellsCompetitive 96-Strip-Wells-(Competitive)
EUR 690

Human Connexin 40 ELISA Kit ELISA Kit
MBS722830-96StripWellsSandwich 96-Strip-Wells-(Sandwich)
EUR 690

Monkey Connexin 40 ELISA kit ELISA kit
E01A72096 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Canine Connexin 40 ELISA kit ELISA kit
E01A63384 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Rabbit Connexin 40 ELISA kit ELISA kit
E01A28518 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Bovine Connexin 40 ELISA kit ELISA kit
E01A80814 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

GS ELISA Kit| Rabbit Gelsolin ELISA Kit
EF016806 96tests
EUR 566

INS ELISA Kit| Rabbit Insulin ELISA Kit
EF016830 96tests
EUR 566

OT ELISA Kit| Rabbit Oxytocin ELISA Kit
EF016906 96tests
EUR 566

GHRL ELISA Kit| Sheep Ghrelin ELISA Kit
EF019532 96tests
EUR 566

ALB ELISA Kit| Turkey Albumin ELISA Kit
EF019549 96tests
EUR 566

E3 ELISA Kit| General Estriol ELISA Kit
EF019580 96tests
EUR 566

PRL ELISA Kit| Goat Prolactin ELISA Kit
EF012577 96tests
EUR 566

INS ELISA Kit| Equine Insulin ELISA Kit
EF012661 96tests
EUR 566

FE ELISA Kit| Monkey Ferritin ELISA Kit
EF012696 96tests
EUR 566

INS ELISA Kit| Monkey Insulin ELISA Kit
EF012718 96tests
EUR 566

Plant catalase 3, CAT3 ELISA ELISA Kit
SL0098PI - Ask for price

Porcine Connexin 40 ELISA kit ELISA kit
E01A54667 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Chicken Connexin 40 ELISA kit ELISA kit
E01A89539 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

AGC ELISA Kit| Rabbit Aggrecan ELISA Kit
EF016763 96tests
EUR 566

HB ELISA Kit| Sheep Hemoglobin ELISA Kit
EF019501 96tests
EUR 566

RETN ELISA Kit| Sheep Resistin ELISA Kit
EF019534 96tests
EUR 566

PRL ELISA Kit| Sheep prolactin ELISA Kit
EF019545 96tests
EUR 566

DA ELISA Kit| General Dopamine ELISA Kit
EF019559 96tests
EUR 566

OT ELISA Kit| General Oxytocin ELISA Kit
EF019576 96tests
EUR 566

HP ELISA Kit| Goat Haptoglobin ELISA Kit
EF012573 96tests
EUR 566

COR ELISA Kit| Equine Cortisol ELISA Kit
EF012669 96tests
EUR 566

COR ELISA Kit| Monkey Cortisol ELISA Kit
EF012758 96tests
EUR 566

sCD163 ELISA Kit| Monkey CD163 ELISA Kit
EF012761 96tests
EUR 566

Rat Nestin (NES)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125212-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 3435

Rat Nestin (NES)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125212-96StripWells 96-Strip-Wells
EUR 850

Rat Nestin (NES)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125212-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 6270

Rat Nestin (NES)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125212-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 410

Rat Nestin (NES)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125212-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 635

Rat Nestin (NES)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709613-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 3780

Rat Nestin (NES)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709613-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 280

Rat Nestin (NES)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709613-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 370

Rat Nestin (NES)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709613-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 1955

Rat Nestin (NES)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709613-96StripWells 96-Strip-Wells
EUR 485

CT ELISA Kit| Rabbit Calcitonin ELISA Kit
EF016793 96tests
EUR 566

MYO ELISA Kit| Rabbit Myoglobin ELISA Kit
EF016841 96tests
EUR 566

PRL ELISA Kit| Rabbit Prolactin ELISA Kit
EF016861 96tests
EUR 566

RETN ELISA Kit| Rabbit Resistin ELISA Kit
EF016864 96tests
EUR 566

E2 ELISA Kit| General Estradiol ELISA Kit
EF019557 96tests
EUR 566

COR ELISA Kit| General Cortisol ELISA Kit
EF019558 96tests
EUR 566

T4 ELISA Kit| General Thyroxine ELISA Kit
EF019564 96tests
EUR 566

MYO ELISA Kit| Monkey Myoglobin ELISA Kit
EF012728 96tests
EUR 566

RETN ELISA Kit| Monkey Resistin ELISA Kit
EF012737 96tests
EUR 566

OCLN ELISA Kit| Monkey Occludin ELISA Kit
EF012772 96tests
EUR 566

Chicken Tissue KXctor,IF ELISA KIT ELISA
QY-E80098 96T
EUR 511.2

Mouse Epinephrine (EPI) Elisa Kit Elisa Kit
EK730388 96 Wells
EUR 0.68

CAM ELISA Kit| Rabbit Calmodulin ELISA Kit
EF016784 96tests
EUR 566

HP ELISA Kit| Rabbit Haptoglobin ELISA Kit
EF016808 96tests
EUR 566

HIS ELISA Kit| General Histamine ELISA Kit
EF019556 96tests
EUR 566

HP ELISA Kit| Monkey Haptoglobin ELISA Kit
EF012700 96tests
EUR 566

Plant β-glucosidase, GUS ELISA ELISA Kit
SL0088PI - Ask for price

Pig Aggrecan (AGC)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125254-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 5945

Pig Aggrecan (AGC)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125254-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 385

Pig Aggrecan (AGC)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125254-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 600

Pig Aggrecan (AGC)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125254-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 3250

Pig Aggrecan (AGC)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125254-96StripWells 96-Strip-Wells
EUR 805

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125199-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 4175

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125199-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 300

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125199-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 430

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125199-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 2285

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125199-96StripWells 96-Strip-Wells
EUR 560

Mouse Laminin (LN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709594-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 3090

Mouse Laminin (LN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709594-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 250

Mouse Laminin (LN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709594-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 330

Mouse Laminin (LN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709594-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 1610

Mouse Laminin (LN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709594-96StripWells 96-Strip-Wells
EUR 415

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709595-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 2350

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709595-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 225

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709595-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 285

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709595-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 1230

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709595-96StripWells 96-Strip-Wells
EUR 345

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709596-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 2550

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709596-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 230

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709596-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 295

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709596-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 1330

Human Leptin (LEP)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709596-96StripWells 96-Strip-Wells
EUR 360

Pig Aggrecan (AGC)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709664-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 3555

Pig Aggrecan (AGC)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709664-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 265

Pig Aggrecan (AGC)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709664-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 355

Pig Aggrecan (AGC)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709664-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 1845

Pig Aggrecan (AGC)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709664-96StripWells 96-Strip-Wells
EUR 460

AR ELISA Kit| Rabbit Amphiregulin ELISA Kit
EF016775 96tests
EUR 566

Pg ELISA Kit| Monkey Progesterone ELISA Kit
EF012734 96tests
EUR 566

Human Visfatin (VF)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125219-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 5680

Human Visfatin (VF)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125219-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 375

Human Visfatin (VF)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125219-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 575

Human Visfatin (VF)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125219-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 3110

Human Visfatin (VF)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125219-96StripWells 96-Strip-Wells
EUR 770

Human Visfatin (VF)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709622-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 3370

Human Visfatin (VF)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709622-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 260

Human Visfatin (VF)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709622-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 350

Human Visfatin (VF)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709622-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 1750

Human Visfatin (VF)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709622-96StripWells 96-Strip-Wells
EUR 445

PCT ELISA Kit| Mouse Procalcitonin ELISA Kit
EF014005 96tests
EUR 566

PG ELISA Kit| General Progesterone ELISA Kit
EF019561 96tests
EUR 566

AMOZ ELISA Kit| General Nitrofuran ELISA Kit
EF019562 96tests
EUR 566

T ELISA Kit| General Testosterone ELISA Kit
EF019563 96tests
EUR 566

GSH ELISA Kit| General Glutathione ELISA Kit
EF019574 96tests
EUR 566

ALD ELISA Kit| General Aldosterone ELISA Kit
EF019596 96tests
EUR 566

Estrone ELISA Kit| General Estrone ELISA Kit
EF019603 96tests
EUR 566

Lactate ELISA Kit| General Lactate ELISA Kit
EF019605 96tests
EUR 566

Mouse Cubilin (CUBN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125263-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 5455

Mouse Cubilin (CUBN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125263-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 365

Mouse Cubilin (CUBN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125263-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 550

Mouse Cubilin (CUBN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125263-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 2985

Mouse Cubilin (CUBN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2125263-96StripWells 96-Strip-Wells
EUR 740

Mouse Cubilin (CUBN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709675-10x96StripWells 10x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 3215

Mouse Cubilin (CUBN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709675-24StripWells 24-Strip-Wells
EUR 255

Mouse Cubilin (CUBN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709675-48StripWells 48-Strip-Wells
EUR 340

Mouse Cubilin (CUBN)(Sandwich ELISA) ELISA Kit
MBS2709675-5x96StripWells 5x96-Strip-Wells
EUR 1675

Most patients recover from leptospirosis with only a mild febrile illness, while others have severe disease with multi-organ failure. The clinical picture is a poor predictor of the potential severity of the infection, and because the search is for a potential biomarker that may serve as an early warning for severe disease. This review concentrates on three important aspects of these neglected tropical diseases: diagnostics, vaccine development, and potential biomarkers to predict the severity of the disease.