Diagnostic performance of two specific Schistosoma japonicum immunological tests for screening Schistosoma haematobium in school children in Zambia.
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Diagnostic performance of two specific Schistosoma japonicum immunological tests for screening Schistosoma haematobium in school children in Zambia.
Dipstick Dye Immunoassay (DDIA) and directly Haemagglutination Assay (IHA), two kits are commercially available that has been widely used for the screening of Schistosoma japonicum in the People’s Republic of China. Whether they can be used for screening of Schistosoma haematobium unclear. In order to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency DDIA and IHA for screening Schistosoma haematobium, serum samples were collected from students in endemic areas in Zambia, South Africa, and tested by DDIA and IHA with a single-blind manner. Meanwhile, the students are microscopically examined by Schistosoma infection and soil-transmitted worms, visually observed for parasite eggs.
Of the 148 students enrolled, 61% tested positive for S. haematobium infection, while 31% and 36% of students were infected with hookworm and Ascaris respectively. Regarding the parasitological tests as reference standards, for the diagnosis of S. haematobium infection, IHA carried higher sensitivity (74%, 95% CI: 65% -83%) compared DDIA (60%, 95% CI: 49% – 70%) , DDIA IHA sensitivity and significantly higher in students aged 10-14 years compared to 7-9 years old group. The specificity DDIA and IHA is 61% (95% CI: 49% -74%) and 72% (95% CI: 60% -84%), respectively. Co-infection with decreased specificity STHs DDIA but has no impact on that IHA. Our study shows that IHA has more potential as an alternative diagnostic tool to identify schistosomiasis haematobium but needs further improvement.
paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) and autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a rare neurological disorder, which has similar symptoms, but vary in results and treatment strategies. In a retrospective statistical study we evaluate the results of the test serum and CSF autoantibodies from patients suspected PNS 2362 and 1034 patients with suspected AE. For testing of autoantibodies, immunoblot assay (PNS) and cell-based indirect immunofluorescence assay (AE) used. Autoantibodies present in 8% of patients with suspected PNS: anti-Yo> anti-Hu> anti-MA2> anti-CV2> anti-titin> anti-Zic4> anti-amphiphysin> anti-Ri> anti-GAD65> anti Sox1> anti-recoverin.
Most of the older women who are affected. Autoantibodies present in 5.8% of patients with suspected AE: anti-NMDAR (young women)> anti-LGI1 (middle-aged men)> anti-GABABR (elderly man)> anti-Caspr2 (men). our results are in accordance with the data described in the literature. The number of patients suspected civil servants and AE showed an upward trend, in which the testing of autoantibodies with modern laboratory diagnostic methods to help in the early introduction of appropriate therapy.
[Morphology and immunological variation of Borrelia burgdorferi and diagnostic methods].
diagnostic problems observed in patients infected with Borrelia burgdorferi is a significant barrier for therapeutic decision making. It seems that the pathogen is characterized by morphological and immunological variation in a certain stage of development.
Bacteria have the ability to morphological changes into the cell wall of a shortage of spheroplast, L-shape, bleb-like spirochetes, and cysts body / round shape. It also has the ability to create a biofilm, which is the main barrier to the antibiotic.
Description: CRK, also known as p38, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRK gene. This gene is a member of an adapter protein family that binds to several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. It is mapped to 17p13.3. The protein participates in the Reelin signaling cascade downstream of DAB1. The product of this gene has several SH2 and SH3 domains (src-homology domains) and is involved in several signaling pathways, recruiting cytoplasmic proteins in the vicinity of tyrosine kinase through SH2-phosphotyrosine interaction. The N-terminal SH2 domain of Crk functions as a positive regulator of transformation whereas the C-terminal SH3 domain functions as a negative regulator of transformation. Two alternative transcripts encoding different isoforms with distinct biological activity have been described.
Description: This recombinant p38 antibody reacts to human p38 MAPK. It may also react to the rat and mouse protein, as predicted by immunogen homology.
Description: P38 is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase is activated by various environmental stresses and proinflammatory cytokines. The activation requires its phosphorylation by MAP kinase kinases (MKKs), or its autophosphorylation triggered by the interaction of MAP3K7IP1/TAB1 protein with this kinase. The substrates of this kinase include transcription regulator ATF2, MEF2C, and MAX, cell cycle regulator CDC25B, and tumor suppressor p53, which suggest the roles of this kinase in stress related transcription and cell cycle regulation, as well as in genotoxic stress response.
Description: P38 is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase is activated by various environmental stresses and proinflammatory cytokines. The activation requires its phosphorylation by MAP kinase kinases (MKKs), or its autophosphorylation triggered by the interaction of MAP3K7IP1/TAB1 protein with this kinase. The substrates of this kinase include transcription regulator ATF2, MEF2C, and MAX, cell cycle regulator CDC25B, and tumor suppressor p53, which suggest the roles of this kinase in stress related transcription and cell cycle regulation, as well as in genotoxic stress response.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180/Y182
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180/Y182
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180/Y182
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y323
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y323
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y323
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat, Chicken. This p38 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human p38
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat, Chicken. This p38 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human p38
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat, Chicken. This p38 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human p38
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IF, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y182
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IF, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y182
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IF, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y182
Bacteria are characterized by significant heterogeneity and polymorphism of the antigen, which greatly inhibited detailed definition of pathogens, since antibodies produced may differ significantly from the accepted patterns and also cause cross reactions. The above conditions affecting the reliability of diagnostic tests, particularly screening, which can lead to incorrect treatment decisions.